![]() In contrast to other countries, we have been able to obtain five different types of vaccines for our population. The SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the vaccines, induce the development of specific antibodies, but their sustainability is still an object of investigation. The vaccines are reported to show a high level of effectiveness in preventing the symptoms and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, even after the first dose. The nature and durability of the protective immunity is important in the context of risk evaluation for reinfection and vaccine development. Our recently published study shows that the medical personnel in primary healthcare had a high titre of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after receiving one or two doses of vaccines. Because of their engagement in response to the pandemic and of the higher risk of being infected due to occupational exposure, healthcare employees are considered as a key target group for COVID-19 vaccination in most countries, including the Republic of Srpska. The real-world praxis with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination at health facilities has shown a marked decrease in the incidence of infections among medical staff members. Sputnik V vaccine is a recombinant vaccine developed by Gamaleya Research Institute, Russia, and its effectiveness against COVID-19 has been shown to be 91.6%. Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine or BBIBP-CorV, as an inactivated vaccine, was the first Chinese vaccine authorised by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for emergency use with efficacy of 79%. S) with efficacy of 60-70% against symptomatic infection, have been approved in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), while the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has additionally permitted a fourth vaccine from Oxford/AstraZeneca (AZD1222/Vaxzevria) (efficacy of 60-70% against symptomatic infection). Vaccines developed by Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2/Comirnaty) and Moderna (mRNA-1273/Spikevax) with > 90% efficacy against symptomatic infection, and J&J/Janssen (Ad26.COV2. ![]() The vaccines are important for raising the immunity, avoiding severe disorders caused by SARS-CoV-2, reducing the burden on healthcare systems, and decreasing the economic cost. New virus variants that emerge may escape vaccines or convalescent immune responses. However, the period of immunity conferred by vaccination is still unknown. ![]() , seropositive individuals have 89% protection from reinfection, while the estimated efficacies of different types of vaccines are 50% to 92%. SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination against COVID-19 provides the immune response and protection against infection or reinfection and reduces the risk of clinically significant outcomes. S-glycoprotein is the most important focus of neutralising antibodies upon infection and a target of treatment and vaccine design. The S1 and S2 subunits represent a part of the S-glycoprotein, where S1 contains the receptor-binding domain (RBD) that binds to the cell’s receptor, while S2 contains the fusion peptide. The trans-membrane spike (S) glycoprotein that makes up the spikes on the viral surface is responsible for penetration of the virus into the host cells. ![]() SARS-CoV-2 is classed in the subfamily Coronavirinae in the family of Coronaviridae. During the past two and a half years, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread around the world, affecting the immunologically naïve population, and causing notable morbidity and mortality.
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